South Africa (Africa)
Advice for All Destinations
The risks to health whilst travelling
will vary between individuals and many issues need to be
taken into account, e.g. activities abroad, length of stay
and general health of the traveller. It is recommended that
you consult with your General Practitioner or Practice Nurse
who will assess your particular health risks before
recommending vaccines and /or antimalarial tablets. This is
also a good opportunity to discuss important travel health
issues including safe
food and water,
accidents,
sun exposure and
insect bites. Many of the problems experienced by
travellers cannot be prevented by vaccinations and other
preventive measures need to be taken.
Ensure you are fully insured for
medical emergencies including repatriation. The
'T7' leaflet (from Post Offices) gives details of health
care agreements between countries and is accompanied by an
application form for the
European Health Insurance Card (EHIC). The completed
form must submitted about 6 weeks before you plan to leave
to allow the card to reach you on time. The EHIC entitles
travellers to reduced-cost, sometimes free, medical
treatment in most European countries.
For Travel Safety Advice you should
visit the
UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office website.
Immunisations
- Confirm primary courses and
boosters are up to date as
recommended for life in Britain
- including vaccines given to special groups
because of risk exposure or complications (e.g. hepatitis B
for health care workers, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines
for the elderly).
- Courses or boosters usually
advised: diphtheria; tetanus;
poliomyelitis; hepatitis A.
- Vaccines sometimes advised:
tuberculosis; hepatitis B; rabies; cholera; typhoid.
- A yellow fever vaccination
certificate is required from
travellers over 1 year of age coming from areas with
risk of yellow fever transmission.
Notes on the diseases mentioned above
- Tetanus
is contracted through dirty cuts and scratches and
poliomyelitis spread through contaminated food and
water. They are serious infections of the nervous system.
- Typhoid
and hepatitis A are spread through
contaminated food and water. Typhoid causes septicaemia and
hepatitis A causes liver inflammation and jaundice. In risk
areas you should be immunised if good hygiene is impossible.
- Cholera
is spread through contaminated water and food. More common
during floods and rainy seasons. Those unable to take
effective precautions, for example, during wars and when
working in refugee camps or slums may consider vaccination.
- Tuberculosis
is most commonly transmitted via droplet infection. BCG
vaccination is recommended for travellers under 16 years of
age who will be living or working with local people for a
prolonged period of time (three months or more). Following
individual risk assessment, vaccination may also be
considered for travellers under the age of 35 years who may
be at high risk through their occupation abroad eg
healthcare workers.
- Diphtheria
is also spread by droplet infection through close personal
contact. Vaccination is advised if close contact with locals
in risk areas is likely.
- Hepatitis B
is spread through infected blood, contaminated needles and
sexual intercourse, It affects the liver, causes jaundice
and occasionally liver failure. Vaccination is recommended
for those at occupational risk (e.g. health care workers),
for long stays or frequent travel to medium and high risk
areas, for those more likely to be exposed such as children
(from cuts and scratches) and those who may need surgical
procedures.
- Rabies
is spread through bites or licks on broken skin from an
infected animal. It is always fatal. Vaccination is advised
for those going to risk areas that will be remote from a
reliable source of vaccine. Even when pre-exposure vaccines
have been received urgent medical advice should be sought
after any animal bite.
Malaria
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal
disease transmitted by mosquitoes. You cannot be vaccinated
against malaria.
Malaria precautions
- The risk is high in the low altitude
areas of Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces which border
Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Includes Kruger National Park. Risk
also in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal as far south as Jozini.
There is low to no risk in all other parts of the country
including the tourist centre of Sun City and the Greater St
Lucia Wetland Park (go to
Malaria Map).
- Malaria
precautions are essential. Avoid mosquito bites by
covering up with clothing such as long sleeves and long
trousers especially after sunset, using insect repellents on
exposed skin and, when necessary, sleeping under a mosquito
net.
- Check with your doctor or nurse about
suitable antimalarial tablets.
- Atovaquone/proguanil OR doxycycline OR
mefloquine is usually recommended for those visiting risk
areas.
- If you have been travelling in a
malarious area and develop a fever seek medical attention
promptly. Remember malaria can develop even up to one year
after exposure.
- If travelling to high risk malarious
areas, remote from medical facilities, carrying emergency
malaria
standby treatment may be considered.